Note 1: Blog (noun): “a regular record of your thoughts, opinions, or experiences that you put on the internet for other people to read” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023).

Note 2: Although this legislation has been superseded, I have included it to be relevant as it seems to be an early or first law in the UK which recognises a public space and allows and protects a public institution to own and maintain a space, such as a pathway. A useful timeline of legislation can be found on the Safer Communities website.

Note 3: In Making Democracy Work, Robert Putnam’s research observes that citizens in areas that form civic associations and live in a civic community are “trustful toward one another, even when they differ on matters of substance”. People are more considerate of others and willing to compromise on their own political stance or opinion. They tend to be happier: “happiness is living in a civic community”. A civic association is the forming of a group of individuals for reciprocity; such as a “choral society” (Putnam, 1993).

This appears similar to bridging social capital: individuals and groups that connect with others (other individuals or groups) horizontally that are usually divided (such as the protected characteristics). Bridging social capital is outward looking, it is an outlook and action which creates a sharing of ideas and opportunities – it fosters equality and harmony (Fuad-Luke, 2009; Claridge, 2018).